Spotlight Scripts: Podcast

Learning to Read in Mali

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:00:33 +0000

Reading is an important skill for many people. Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at new equipment helping people learn to read in Mali.

The Belhar Confession

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:00:30 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at the efforts of a particular group of South Africans to unite people during apartheid.

The Future Wealth of Bolivia

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:00:26 +0000

Marina Santee and Ruby Jones tell how a new world demand for batteries could make Bolivia rich. But who should profit from this new wealth?

Listener Mail 106

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:00:22 +0000

Joshua Leo and Robin Basselin answer listener comments and emails. They also describe how to make pomegranate juice!

Geoengineering: Carbon Dioxide

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:00:18 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at some ways scientists hope to remove more carbon dioxide from the air.

Five Love Languages: Acts of Service

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:00:14 +0000

This is the fourth program in a five part series about showing love to other people. Rebekah Schipper and Joshua Leo look at showing love to other people by caring for and serving each other.

Graham Greene

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 30 Aug 2010 05:00:11 +0000

Adam Navis and Robin Basselin share the story of famous British writer Graham Greene. His struggles and questions still challenge people today.

Cows Around the World

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 05:00:57 +0000

Joshua Leo and Liz Waid tell how cows have influenced the culture and business of people all around the world.

Walking in Australia

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 05:00:24 +0000

Liz Waid, Marina Santee and Adam Navis tell about a long walk through Australia. People around the world enjoy this walking experience.

Flying Help

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 05:00:21 +0000

Mike Procter and Nick Page look at the work of Mission Aviation Fellowship. They fly help to isolated areas, far from cities.

Geoengineering: Sun Block

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 05:00:15 +0000

Could blocking some sun from the earth prevent climate change? Ryan Geertsma and Robin Basselin look at some ideas to stop global warming.

Playing For Change

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 05:00:11 +0000

Liz Waid and Steve Myersco tell about the group Playing For Change. This project unites different cultures and different kinds of music.

Five Love Languages: Receiving Gifts

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 05:00:07 +0000

This is the third program in a five part series about showing love to other people. Rebekah Schipper and Joshua Leo look at showing love to others by giving and receiving gifts.

Trapped in the Middle

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 23 Aug 2010 05:00:02 +0000

Marina Santee and Ryan Geertsma look at an organization lending to middle-sized businesses. This work creates jobs and opportunity.

Crazy English

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 16 Aug 2010 05:00:53 +0000

Joshua Leo and Liz Waid tell about a man's very interesting method of teaching English!

Traditions of Love

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 16 Aug 2010 05:00:48 +0000

Christy VanArragon and Joshua Leo look at the many different ways men and women find a husband or wife.

Too Few Fish

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 16 Aug 2010 05:00:42 +0000

Many kinds of fish are now in danger of dying out. Steve Myersco and Ruby Jones tell about the effects people all over the world have created by catching too many fish.

Kenya’s Clean Food Farms

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 16 Aug 2010 05:00:38 +0000

Mike Procter and Liz Waid look at an unusual group of young people bringing good, clean food to the slum of Kibera, in Kenya.

Five Love Languages: Quality Time

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 16 Aug 2010 05:00:34 +0000

This is the second program in a five part series about showing love to other people. Rebekah Schipper and Joshua Leo look at showing love to others by sharing special times.

Beauty and Perfection: Wabi Sabi

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 16 Aug 2010 05:00:30 +0000

Ruby Jones and Marina Santee tell about the ancient Japanese idea of wabi sabi. This way of looking at life is spreading to the west.

The Sun

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 16 Aug 2010 05:00:24 +0000

Adam Navis and Liz Waid look at the sun. Why is it so important to us? How does it affect us?

The Bionic Eye

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:00:44 +0000

Steve Myersco and Ruby Jones tell about a new device. It helps people with an incurable eye condition see again.

HIV and Women: Gracia Violeta

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:00:39 +0000

Mike Proctor and Ruby Jones tell the story of Gracia Violeta. She speaks publicly about her painful story to educate people in her country about HIV.

The Umuvumu Tree Project

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:00:34 +0000

Robin Basselin and Steve Myersco tell about a project that brings criminals and victims together. They help people move past the anger and hate of genocide.

The Importance of Doing Nothing

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:00:30 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at the value of doing nothing - of boredom. Can boredom bring creativity?

Protecting Tribal Communities

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:00:27 +0000

The International Day of Indigenous People is August 9.Tribal communities around the world face political and economic persecution. Joshua Leo and Liz Waid look at a group working to help these communities.

Recovering Languages

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:00:22 +0000

Robin Basselin and Joshua Leo look at how people are successfully protecting minority languages and cultures.

Five Love Languages: Kind Words

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 09 Aug 2010 05:00:18 +0000

This is the first program in a five part series about showing love to other people. Rebekah Schipper and Joshua Leo look at using kind words to express love.

Drogba Scores a Goal

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 02 Aug 2010 05:00:30 +0000

Nick Page and Marina Santee look at the best day of famous footballer Didier Drogba's life.

Women Taxi Drivers

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 02 Aug 2010 05:00:26 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at a new business for women in New Delhi - driving a taxi car! It is bringing freedom and opportunity.

House of Peace

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 02 Aug 2010 05:00:23 +0000

Robin Basselin and Steve Myersco tell about Maggy Barankitse. During the war in Burundi, she started a place for refugee children.

Baby Milk Powder

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 02 Aug 2010 05:00:18 +0000

In 2008, greedy companies damaged the health of many children through bad milk powder. Liz Waid and Mike Procter look at this problem.

Saving Manuscripts

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 02 Aug 2010 05:00:14 +0000

Liz Waid and Adam Navis tell about the HMML. This group protects ancient historical and cultural documents against destruction so that all people can see them.

What Makes Us Happy?

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 02 Aug 2010 05:00:09 +0000

Many people think getting what you want is secret to happiness. Adam Navis and Ruby Jones tell how this is not the whole truth!

Living Without Money

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 02 Aug 2010 05:00:06 +0000

Adam Navis and Marina Santee look at the unusual choice of Heidemarie Shwermer. She chose to live without using money!

Changing Skin Color

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 05:00:49 +0000

A man's skin color begins to change because of a skin disease. Adam Navis and Liz Waid tell the story of how it has changed the way he looks at life.

Hope Village 2

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 05:00:48 +0000

Liz Waid and Ryan Geertsma look at an organization that brings hope to homeless children in Cairo Egypt.

Computers and the Human Brain

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 05:00:39 +0000

Can the game of chess show if computers are more intelligent than people? Adam Navis and Liz Waid look at what happens when computers and people compete.

Star Trek

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 05:00:31 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at the television program Star Trek. This series has inspired people around the world to be better.

Barefoot College

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 05:00:31 +0000

Do people need a formal education to go to college? Not Always! Ryan Geertsma and Robin Basselin look at a college in India where people learn by doing.

Disappearing Languages

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 05:00:26 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at the problem of disappearing languages. Should we be concerned about the future of these languages?

Listener Mail 105

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 26 Jul 2010 05:00:23 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo share listener mail and comments.

A Voice in Your Ear

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 05:00:55 +0000

Liz Waid and Ruby Jones look at a new form of advertising - sound advertising!

Healing Memories: Forgiving and Remembering

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 05:00:50 +0000

Bad memories of apartheid still influence the people of South Africa. Ryan Geertsma and Robin Basselin tell about Michael Lapsley. He helps people to find ways to recover from their suffering by remembering.

Silk Grandmothers

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 05:00:34 +0000

Joshua Leo and Liz Waid tell about a group of women who are preserving a Cambodian cultural tradition. Older women keep the beautiful art of silk cloth making alive.

People Copying Nature

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 05:00:17 +0000

Joshua Leo and Liz Waid look at technology that uses ideas from nature. This has benefits for technology and nature!

Building Houses, Making Homes

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 05:00:12 +0000

Adam Navis and Liz Waid look at one organization creating beautiful homes in their city.

Make Music. Make Health.

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 05:00:07 +0000

Ruby Jones and Marina Santee tell about a music group that also teaches people about good sanitation.

Precious Jewels

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 04:59:59 +0000

Mike Procter and Colin Lowther look at the work of organization helping children deal with terrible events and difficult emotions.

Equal Women, Better Society

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 05:00:56 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at the work of the Syrian Women Observatory. They look at a man's part in defending women's rights.

City of Peace

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 05:00:20 +0000

Ryan Geertsma and Robin Basselin look at the work of Nelsa Curbelo. She works with gangs in Ecuador to build opportunity for young people.

Too Much Noise

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 05:00:16 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at the effects of noise pollution on people and animals.

The Third Pole

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 05:00:11 +0000

Joshua Leo and Liz Waid look at how climate change is affecting people in an area of China - the Third Pole. Can China achieve what the West did not?

Dancing with Disability

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 05:00:05 +0000

Liz Waid and Adam Navis look at a very unusual group of dancers. This dance group encourages people to think about their own limits and what it means to be different.

Making Music

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 05:00:01 +0000

Ryan Geertsma and Robin Basselin tell about a music school that teaches students with disabilities. They use a new method of reading music.

Living in Balance in Africa

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 12 Jul 2010 04:59:21 +0000

Through history, opinions about how to use natural lands have changed. Liz Waid and Joshua Leo tell about how communities in Africa are using them now.

Toyohiko Kagawa: Working for Peace

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 05:00:45 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma continue the life of Toyohiko Kagawa. His ideas of peace changed the country of Japan.

Rolling Water

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 05:00:39 +0000

Getting water takes a lot of time and effort for many women in Africa. Ruby Jones and Joshua Leo look at an invention that is making things easier.

Toyohiko Kagawa: Working for the Poor

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 05:00:35 +0000

Ryan Geertsma and Robin Basselin begin the story of Toyohiko Kagawa. In his early life, he chose to live with the poorest people in his city.

Four Things to Say When Someone is Dying

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 05:00:32 +0000

Adam Navis and Robin Basselin look at a difficult subject - being close to someone who is dying. They look at four things that can help.

Individuals Fighting Global Warming

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 05:00:27 +0000

Ryan Geertsma and Robin Basselin look at carbon offsetting, and other ways that individuals can fight global warming.

Football, Television and Social Change

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 05:00:24 +0000

For the World Cup, Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at a football show from Kenya that is spreading ideas about teamwork and citizenship.

Prudence Sings

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 05 Jul 2010 05:00:19 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at the singer Prudence Mabhena. She has faced many difficulties in her life, but today she is making beautiful music.

The Museum of Laziness

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 05:00:58 +0000

Ruby Jones and Ryan Geertsma look at ideas about work and laziness in Japan and Colombia. They also share a famous story about laziness.

Rent-A-Friend

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 05:00:54 +0000

Ruby Jones and Ryan Geertsma look at the importance of making friends. Can a person rent a friend? Or does friendship require something more?

Talking to Children About Death

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 05:00:46 +0000

Adam Navis and Robin Basselin look at an important and difficult topic for parents and other caregivers: talking to children about death.

Practical Action

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 05:00:40 +0000

Marina Santee and Nick Page look at the organization Practical Action and their simple ideas to help with practical problems.

Restaurants for a Better World

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 05:00:33 +0000

Robin Basselin and Adam Navis look at eating places from around the world working to make their communities better.

Sun Cooker

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 05:00:25 +0000

Adam Navis and Liz Waid look at a cooker that uses the sun's power. Could this prize-winning invention slow climate change?

Florence Nightingale

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 28 Jun 2010 05:00:02 +0000

Ruby Jones and Rachel Hobson look at the life of Florence Nightingale. This famous woman changed nursing and hospital care.

The Auschwitz-Birkenau Debate

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:00:57 +0000

Should historic places always be preserved? Ryan Geertsma and Christy VanArragon look at the debate surrounding one Nazi death camp in Poland.

Staying Safe in Hot Weather

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:00:52 +0000

Liz Waid and Nick Page share some ways that people can protect themselves from dangerous sicknesses that come from extremely hot weather.

World Cup Football Players

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:00:49 +0000

Liz Waid looks at two World Cup football players: Lucio and Cyrille Domoraud. They talk about their lives in and away from football.

Carbon Offsetting: Good or Bad?

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:00:21 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at one possible solution to the problems of global warming. But does it really work?

How Mad Are You?

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:00:16 +0000

Christy Van Arragon and Joshua Leo look at an experiment done by a BBC television program. How easy is it to see if a person has a mental health problem?

Handel: Making Music for the People

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 05:00:10 +0000

Mike Procter and Marina Santee look at the life and work of the musical composer George Handel.

Ice Cream Around the World

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 04:59:03 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at a cold treat - ice cream. They look at the history of this delicious and popular food.

The Pomegranate: A Great Fruit

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 05:00:47 +0000

Adam Navis and Ruby Jones tell about the Pomegranate fruit. A new project using this fruit is changing an entire country!

Hope in Eritrea

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 05:00:43 +0000

Eritrea has seen much conflict and poverty. Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at one group working for hope and change.

Listener Mail 104

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 05:00:40 +0000

Adam Navis and Liz Waid share mail and comments from Spotlight listeners around the world.

Weight Loss for Peace

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 05:00:39 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at weight loss groups in Israel-Palestine. These groups are bringing women together, for weight loss and peace!

Polar Futures

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 05:00:26 +0000

Ruby Jones and Steve Myersco look at the current debate over the Arctic and Antarctic. Global warming is making people interested in these polar areas for development.

John Francis: Walking Not Talking

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 05:00:22 +0000

What happens when a man stops speaking and walks everywhere he goes? Steve Myersco and Marina Santee tell about the lessons John Francis learned when he made these very big changes.

Running Without Shoes

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 14 Jun 2010 05:00:04 +0000

Joshua Leo and Liz Waid look at people who run without shoes. They say that it is more healthy and natural.

The Lottery: Big Money, Big Problems

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 05:00:45 +0000

Robin Basselin and Adam Navis look at lottery games. Can they help people? Or do they harm people?

Linvoy Primus: Faith and Football

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 05:00:43 +0000

Ruby Jones and Steve Myersco interview former footballer Linvoy Primus. He talks about his experiences in his football club, and in his life.

Living with Volcanoes

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 05:00:39 +0000

Liz Waid and Adam Navis look at the power of volcanoes. Why do people choose to live near these dangerous places?

The Ethical Man

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 05:00:38 +0000

Ruby Jones and Joshua Leo look at the efforts of Justin Rowlatt. He tried to live an environmentally ethical life for one year.

Women and Work: Saudi Arabia

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 05:00:36 +0000

Mike Procter and Ruby Jones look at a "women-only" hotel in Saudi Arabia. Does it help women? Or does it hold them back?

Marriage Traditions

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 05:00:05 +0000

Marriage is a very important event in every culture. Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at marriage traditions around the world.

The Book-Donkey of Colombia

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 05:00:01 +0000

Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at a traveling library that shares books in country areas of Colombia.

Exchange Students

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 31 May 2010 05:00:55 +0000

Would you leave your home to study in another country? Robin Basselin and Ryan Geertsma look at an organization that helps students travel and study.

Helping Refugees in South Africa

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 31 May 2010 05:00:51 +0000

In 2007, a refugee died while waiting at a government office in Cape Town, South Africa. In response, a group of citizens began work to help refugees in their community. Liz Waid and Ryan Geertsma look at their efforts.

African American Hair

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 31 May 2010 05:00:51 +0000

Liz Waid and Joshua Leo look at the culture of African American hair. Hair care and hair appearance is very important to this group.

Conflict, Part 3: Intervention and Peace Building

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 31 May 2010 05:00:09 +0000

What is source of peace? In the third of a three part series, Marina Santee and Steve Myersco look at a peace building organization guided by this question.

Louis Braille: Opening Books to the Blind

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 31 May 2010 05:00:04 +0000

Adam Navis and Marina Santee look at the life of Louis Braille. In 1824, he developed a system of reading and writing for blind people.

Saving the River Jordan

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 31 May 2010 05:00:00 +0000

Marina Santee and Steve Myersco look at one group attempting to bring new life to the Jordan River.

Imagined Body Problems

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 31 May 2010 04:59:06 +0000

Liz Waid and Ryan Geertsma look at a mental problem called Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Sufferers believe that there is something seriously wrong with their appearance.

The Great Flood

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 24 May 2010 05:00:56 +0000

Nick Page and Mike Procter share ancient flood stories from around the world. Is there any truth behind them?

Zero Waste

mail@spotlightradio.net (Spotlight Producers) — Mon, 24 May 2010 05:00:52 +0000

Waste management is a growing problem for authorities around the world. Marina Santee and Steve Myersco look at one solution to this problem.